Who benefited from the collapse of the USSR

The collapse of the USSR, for the preservation of which on the basis of general Soviet referendum in 1991 acted as 78% of the population, caused the collapse of the economy in all the Union republics. Despite the apparent unanimity in the results of the survey, divided the socialist state centrifugal forces are very strong, and the local authorities Baltics, Armenia, Georgia and Moldova to impede the people's will, believing that will benefit from the collapse of the Union.

Unthinkable only 10-15 years before the USSR collapse the events were caused by the weakening of the ideological component of the restructuring, designed to democratize the political system. Mitigating censorship and publicity issued out many of the contradictions of the Soviet system, which until then were hidden behind dogmatic attitudes. Although the Constitution of 1977, and included the "right freely to secede from the USSR" for each Union republic, no one before the mid-1980s did not dare to seriously discuss the issue publicly for fear of possible reprisals.

Freedom of speech has stirred public mass, and announced in November 1988, the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR, the primacy of the local laws of the Allied provoked "parade of sovereignties". It is noteworthy that in the Baltic republics, many Russian-speaking citizens believed that the benefit from the economic prosperity of the expected post-independence and local political movement, the so-called Popular Front had not yet embarked on the path of nationalism.

Power and Property

Most disputes in 1990 between the central government and the republics concerning the struggle for the redistribution of power in favor of the latter and property. Local leaders claimed "sovereignty", which refers to the full right to dispose of national assets. The federal system of the USSR, largely due to which Union collapsed more or less bloodless due to well-defined boundaries, assumed government institutions, staffed by national staff. Most of the separatist movements in varying degrees, was provoked by this party elite - the national nomenclature. Marxist ideology in the Soviet Union played a crucial, therefore, appeal to her theorists will not be superfluous. In spite of the odious figure of Leon Trotsky, his knowledge of domestic matters little who is in doubt. Back in the 1930s, he wrote about the threat of degeneration of the bureaucratic apparatus of the layer in a separate class, the collapse of the Soviet Union made it possible. Freed from the center of pressure of the local nomenclature elite got tremendous power.

Example of Turkmenistan in this context, the most telling: the former first secretary of the Central Committee of the Republican Party of Saparmurat Niyazov became after 1991 in Turkmenbashi ( "head of the Turkmen"), whose cult of personality in its scale has little parallel in modern history. In varying degrees, the rule of the former Soviet nomenclature and related parties is not exclusive to the Central Asian republics, but for the entire post-Soviet space.

Religion and Culture

Belovezhskoe agreement, actually means the end of the Soviet Union, in fact, it was presented as the elimination of signatories not, but as a transformation of the former state of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). As a result of the collapse of the Union it has also witnessed a revival of national cultures and religions, which were perceived collapsed ideology as "the opium of the people" and a relic of the past, preventing the creation of the new Soviet man.

Back in the perestroika in the USSR, a significant number of regions appeared periodicals on local cultures, as well as there has been a growth of national consciousness. Even in Belarus, which is the local intelligentsia rightly called "very Soviet" of all the republics, at the end of 1980-1990-s began to rise of nationalist forces. Originated in the process Reorganization with the education of youth organizations of "Locals" ( "Local"), advocate the Belarusian language and literature, as well as studying folklore. But in the end in the beginning of 1990, the Belarusian Popular Front gathered at a rally in Minsk about 100 thousand sympathizers "national revival". In the other republics of the process took much larger scale than in Belarus. Religious renaissance in all corners of the Soviet Union after the collapse also gaining momentum everywhere churches returned once selected temples. Traditional beliefs with each year began to gain more and more supporters. Thus, the Russian Orthodox Church in 1988, numbered 76 dioceses and 6, 8 thousand parishes, and in 2016 they became 293 and 34, 7 thousand, respectively. Islam on their ancestral territories has won no less success.

Economy

The growth of national and religious identity had negative consequences, contributing to many ethnic conflicts. Resident in the Republic the Russian-speaking population are faced with xenophobia, takes many forms: from ignorance to direct security threats. Russian in the Baltic States have experienced problems with obtaining citizenship after the country gained independence in the region.

The slogans of economic growth due to disconnection of the Union is very popular in the Baltic region and, according to statistics, they are not so unfounded. To date, GDP per capita population of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania overtake Russia. Largely due to the fact that these countries inherited from the Soviet Union a good infrastructure and an educated workforce. At the same time the Baltic States has refused many Soviet enterprises and industries, to refocus on the European Union, which has invested heavily in the region. The economic recession after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Baltic countries have overcome in six years. Kazakhstan's indicators are also quite good and correspond roughly to Russia, other regions are lagging behind in the positions. The beneficiaries of the collapse of the USSR were also multinational corporations (PepsiCo, Daimler, British American Tobacco, Royal Dutch Shell and many others), which are found in the former Soviet Union markets and raw material base, bringing at the same time a lot of benefits the economies of the former Soviet countries.